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NARRATOR: For thousands of years, the course
of exploration had been determined by staring

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toward the stars and moving forward with bold
progress into the vast unknown.

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STRAUGHN: Astronomy is the oldest science.

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People have been looking up at the stars since
we sort of stopped walking around on our knuckles.

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The way astronomers become interested in astronomy
to begin with is just by looking at the sky.

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TYSON: If it's happening outside of our atmosphere
- comets, asteroids, planets, stars, galaxies

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- cosmology, the study of the birth, life,
and fate of the universe, that's what we worry

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about.

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And we use the laws of physics as discovered
here on Earth and apply them to phenomenon

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in the cosmos.

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NARRATOR: Humanity reached out and explored
farther and farther, until a place once reserved

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for the imagination and the distant view of
a telescope's lens was now walked upon by

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humankind.

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Music
ARMSTRONG: That's one small step for man.

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MUSGRAVE: I had to run outside and look at
the moon and say, "You see that thing?

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Well, there's people on there right now."

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ARMSTRONG: One giant leap for mankind.

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NARRATOR: It was 1969, as ticker tape fell
from the sky and rock and roll blazed across

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the American landscape.

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Music

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MIKULSKI: America loves discovery.

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We just--that's in our national DNA.

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When Lewis and Clark was sent out on their
expedition by a president of the United States,

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it was called discovery.

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And that's when we send out our astronauts.

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That's when we've now sent out a space telescope,
to go where no other telescopes had gone before

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and to see things that had never been seen.

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MOUNTAIN: So, astronomy is about exploration.

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It's what NASA does.

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NASA explores.

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NARRATOR: A telescope that would go beyond
the atmospheric limits of the Earth; it's

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a simple problem.

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When you desire to look at objects far away,
there are limitations.

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Through technological advancement, you can
remove these limitations.

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The handheld telescope supersedes the naked
eye.

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That small glass telescope was replaced by
larger models, then mirrors are added and

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then more advancements.

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As the size and capacities of the device grow
so do the discoveries, from mapping a few

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heavenly bodies circling the sun to seeing
beyond ours and into other galaxies.

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GARCIA: Before we ever put, you know, men
in space, astronomers are already thinking

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about getting, you know, off of the planet
above the atmosphere in order to get the crystal

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clear view.

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NARRATOR: But, obstacles such as atmosphere,
clouds, light pollution, and even our own

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sun's brightness stand in our way of seeing
things clearly or watching around the clock.

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The solution?

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A non ground-based robotic observatory.

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TYSON: Well, there's that famous song, twinkle,
twinkle little star, how I wonder what you

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are.

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That left a lot of people thinking that twinkling
stars is exactly what astronomers want, BUT

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it is the opposite of what they want.

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MASSIMINO: One thing I've noticed as an astronaut
is that when you get into space and you look

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at stars, they don't twinkle like they do
on Earth.

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What you're seeing in twinkle, twinkle little
star is because the light is coming through

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the atmosphere and causing them to twinkle.

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TYSON: Starlight does not twinkle on its own.

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It twinkles coming through Earth's atmosphere.

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And it's that bump, AND grind and jiggle and
wiggle, moving through the layers, different

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temperature layers of the atmosphere, that
disrupts the precision of your imaging of

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the night sky.

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MASSIMINO: THE space telescope was thought
of originally by--Lyman Spitzer had the idea

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that if you could get above the atmosphere
you could see a lot more clearly.

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NARRATOR: Renowned astrophysicist Lyman Spitzer
gathered support in the astronomy community

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for a large space telescope, which later on
would be named in honor of astronomer Edwin

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Powell Hubble.

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It was Hubble who discovered the universe
was expanding.

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Through the lens of a hundred inch telescope,
he made calculations that the universe was

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made up of billions of galaxies, well beyond
the visible Milky Way.

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His observations pointed out that these galaxies
seemed to be moving away from us.

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IDLE: (Singing) We're 30,000 light years from
galactic central point.

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We go around every 200 million years.

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And our galaxy is only one of millions of
billions in this amazing and expanding universe.

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NARRATOR: Using known stars to calculate distances
between galaxies, Edwin Hubble confirmed this

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galactic retreat.

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WEILER: Now, let's take it ever further back.

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A lot of people don't realize this, but the
Huddle Space Telescope was dreamed up by Lyman

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Spitzer back in 1948.

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And he wrote a paper on the advantages of
putting a telescope in space to get above

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the atmosphere, etc.

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And that started a lifelong--a quest by Lyman
to get the Hubble Space Telescope up there.

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He fought with the Congress with the able
help of John Bahcall, who I consider the granduncle

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of Hubble, both at Princeton.

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And he and John fought with Congress and convinced
Congress to provide the early funding in the

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late '70s.

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ALTMAN: It looks out at galaxies and brings
them to us, crosses vast distances that we

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don't have the technology to travel.

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But, we can travel in a time machine using
the Huddle to show us what the universe was

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like 13 billion years ago with the light that
it pulls in, and also exposes us to just how

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vast the universe really is, with billions
and billions of galaxies full of billions

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of stars.

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NARRATOR: To build a telescope in many ways
is a decision to build a time machine.

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The United States Congress approved a large
space telescope in 1977, sparking work to

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begin on creating this large, complex, and
capable orbiting telescope.

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LECKRONE: Well, it wasn't easy.

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It was a long slog, difficult politically
at first to have it accepted and funded in

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the US Congress.

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And then, technically it was difficult.

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CEPOLLINA: We need to find a new way and the
new technology to approach the development

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of expensive satellites that would go to orbit,
that could somehow take advantage of human

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repair and perhaps a space transportation
system.

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NARRATOR: An advanced international observatory
with multiple tools, multiple cameras, instruments,

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and capabilities.

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MASSIMINO: It's an amazing machine.

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It can orbit around the Earth at 17,500 miles
an hour.

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And the reason it can take all these great
images is not only because it's above the

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atmosphere, but because it can very steadily
hold its gaze on an object in space.

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ROMAN: Aerospace companies came in with proposals
for a space telescope, a large space telescope.

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All of them had men riding around with the
telescope.

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This was the last thing that astronomers wanted.

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In the first place, we were trying to get
rid of the atmosphere, and a man needs an

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atmosphere.

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In the second place, a man's going to wiggle.

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I don't care how careful he is, when you're
taking a half hour or an hour exposures, he's

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going to wiggle sometimes.

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And when you wiggle in space, the spacecraft
wiggles the opposite way.

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NARRATOR: A globally connected telescope,
built through a partnership with the European

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Space Agency, which would look into the stars
well beyond international borders.

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SCOLESE: It takes a lot of people.

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You know, it takes people that--obviously
the scientists to conceive of it.

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It takes engineers to design it and build
it and test it.

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It takes technicians to actually build it.

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It takes the people to keep the rooms clean,
the facilities up and operating.

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So, it takes people from every walk of life
in order to do it, every skill set that you

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can think of.

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NARRATOR: To then place this telescope into
orbit to send back to us the data that scientists

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needed, unobstructed and unencumbered.

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WISEMAN: And when it was launched in 1990,
it really opened a new vista on the whole

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universe simply by enabling us to get sharper
images above the atmosphere.

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MUSGRAVE: Humanity has always looked out there,
to the heavens, to get the meaning and the

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hope of their life here.

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So, you look out there for what's going on
down here.

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People understood that about Hubble before
we carried it up there, and so that's the

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magic.

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Bolden: And at the time, I was the--what we
called the PLT, or the pilot for the Hubble

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deploy mission, which was STS-31 aboard the
Shuttle Discovery.

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All of us in the crew had a certain feeling
of exhilaration and excitement.

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We knew that this was going to be an important
mission.

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UNIDENTIFIED: Two, one, and liftoff of the
Space Shuttle Discovery with the Hubble Space

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Telescope, our window on the universe.

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NARRATOR: On the 25th of April in 1990, the
Space Shuttle Discovery, piloted by a future

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administrator of NASA, deployed the Hubble
Space Telescope into an orbit around Earth.

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UNIDENTIFIED: Discovery, Houston.

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You have a go to open the doors.

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UNIDENTIFIED: Roger, Houston.

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BOLDEN: The mission itself was pretty intense
in training, because we had to train for any

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number of contingencies that we all prayed
would not happen.

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UNIDENTIFIED: Morning, Story.

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REEVES: Good morning, Discovery.

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Good morning from Bill Reeves and the Orbit
One Team, and you got a go for HST deploy

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ops.

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UNIDENTIFIED: And Houston, Discovery.

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The transfer to internal power is complete.

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The umbilical is dead-faced, and we'll be
standing by for your go for umbilical release.

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MUSGRAVE It was the people's instrument long
before we launched it.

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So, and like I said, I was the lead communicator
in the carry-up and deploy mission, STS-31,

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but it was the people's machine then.

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UNIDENTIFIED CHATTER
BOLDEN: Ironically, one of those contingencies

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was failure of the solar array to deploy.

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It took us much of the day for the flight
control team to say, "Look, we--this is not

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working out.

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We don't think we're going to get the solar
arrays deployed."

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All of a sudden this great experience turned
out to just go, "This is not good," when the

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ground control team called and said, "Stop,
stop.

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We think we found a solution.

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You know, just stop where you are.

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We're going to try this."

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And they did and it worked, and so we went
ahead and deployed.

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UNIDENTIFIED: The deploy activity so far is
going very smoothly.

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BOLDEN: Okay, they copy you, Story.

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And we're at five--.

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BOLDEN: --It all worked out because of the
incredible work of the combination of the

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crew onboard, the flight control team in Houston,
but most especially very smart people at the

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Goddard Space Flight Center who actually knew
the Hubble Space Telescope about as well as

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any people around.

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UNIDENTIFIED: J.C.?

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UNIDENTIFIED: Go.

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UNIDENTIFIED: Network go.

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Payloads, waiting on you.

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UNIDENTIFIED: Flight payloads.

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We are go.

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UNIDENTIFIED: Go ahead.

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CapCom, we have a go for release.

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UNIDENTIFIED: Discovery, go for Hubble release.

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BOLDEN: Houston, Discovery.

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MUSGRAVE: Go ahead, Charlie.

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BOLDEN: Okay, Story.

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We've been taking marks.

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Residuals and ratios look good, and we'd like
to go ahead and go to the filter state.

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MUSGRAVE: We concur, Charlie.

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WEILER: We launched Hubble April 24th, 1990,
and we were all on top of the world.

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Many of us astronomers had never done an interview,
and suddenly we were on Today and Nightline

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and Good Morning America, etc.

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And the media loved us.

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The Hubble was big news across the country.

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Everybody loved us.

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UNIDENTIFIED: And it's here, 381 miles up,
where the telescope is to be place in orbit

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tomorrow.

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So, the celebration will continue.

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UNIDENTIFIED: Oh, yes.

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Hey, I get to launch something here, guys.

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UNIDENTIFIED: Westfall’s family, neighbors,
and colleagues who had traveled here from

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California toasted the telescope.

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BRAD BIRD: The science that is astronomy would
never be the same.

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STRAUGHN: When people think about a telescope
here on Earth, they think about a mirror with

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a tube around it.

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And that's exactly what Hubble is.

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It's a huge mirror with a huge tube around
it in space.

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And the--of course, the purpose of Hubble
is to take these beautiful images that we

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learn about.

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And so, the images are recorded on cameras,
and then the data is sent back to Earth for

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us to study.

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NARRATOR: The Hubble Space Telescope powered
up, all systems nominal, and the data began

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to stream in; images of far off distances,
galaxies, and stars, but there was something

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wrong.

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The magnificent space observatory's imagery
was not clear, not crisp.

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BOLDEN: As a member of the deploy crew, we
had come back, done our debrief, and, you

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know, we had done our job.

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And so, we were happy.

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We thought everything was okay until the word
came that, ah, we saw the first light images.

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And to the amateur like me, it looked great
because we had made this great discovery right

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off the bat; what we thought was a single
star turned out to be a binary star, when

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we learned that no, it's not really that good
an image.

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It's kind of blurred because we have this
thing.

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FRANK CEPOLLINA: From an agency perspective
and from a public perspective and a Congressional

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perspective, it was doom and gloom.

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MIKULSKI: Working on a bipartisan basis, we
used the best tools to identify was this a

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techno turkey that we would just bag as a
terrible mistake and say bye-bye boondoggle,

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or were we really going to try to fix it?

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WEILER: Couldn't get the telescope focused,
had trouble pointing it sometimes, and that

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went on until about early June when people,
smart people, finally figured out that what

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we had was a spherical aberration.

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CEPOLLINA: The mirror was polished incorrectly.

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And it wasn't by much.

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It was half the thickness of a human hair
across 100 inches.

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You know, you can try to imagine what--how
much sag something that weighed 2,300 pounds

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would have.

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And yet, we were off by half the thickness
of a human hair from center to edge.

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And that's pretty astounding, that, you know,
we could come so close and yet not make it.

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WEILER: The mirror was still a perfect smooth
curve, but it had the wrong prescription.

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It wasn't the right curve.

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Just like my eye is a perfectly good eye,
it's got a smooth curve to it, but it's the

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wrong prescription.

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00:14:41,739 --> 00:14:43,939
Light doesn't come to a focus at the right
spot.

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So, how do we fix it?

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Well, we fix it with corrective lenses, the
opposite prescription.

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And that's what we talked about on the famous
press conference of June 27th, 1990, where

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I had the unique honor of explaining to the
American people and the press that Hubble

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wouldn't be doing the science we had promised.

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WEILER: I'm going to try to give you a perspective
on the short term ramifications of this particular

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issue and also the long term ramifications
in terms of what we can do, the science we

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00:15:14,869 --> 00:15:20,970
can do, the science we won't be able to do
for a while in the short term, and most importantly,

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the solutions to this problem in the future.

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NARRATOR: Decades of planning and hope seemed
extinguished by a blurring spherical aberration

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in Hubble's primary mirror.

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WEILER: We feel that we can characterize the
problem, this spherical aberration problem,

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well enough that we can take advantage of
an insurance policy that we haven't talked

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much about and that hasn't been in the press
much.

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And that is we started a long time ago to
plan a maintenance program.

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GRUNSFELD: The truly remarkable feature of
the Hubble Space Telescope is that it was

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00:15:51,459 --> 00:15:54,350
designed to be upgraded and fixed.

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NARRATOR: On Earth, you'd order a replacement
part and correct the problem when the shipment

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00:15:58,569 --> 00:15:59,569
arrived.

262
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But, Hubble was over 340 miles from the Earth's
surface, moving at nearly 18,000 miles per

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00:16:06,819 --> 00:16:07,819
hour.

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You'd need a special repair team.

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MUSGRAVE: The team comes together through
multiple domains, multiple disciplines, and

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multiple organizations, multiple divisions.

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You got to get a job done, and NASA is absolutely
expertise on this.

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When you got to get the job done, the team
comes from many different places.

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SEMBACH: When Hubble was first launched, it
had the spherical aberration on its primary

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mirror, so the prescription for the mirror
wasn't right.

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It took a team of people to figure out what
that prescription actually was in practice

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as opposed to what it should have been, and
then people to figure out how to actually

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solve Hubble's blurry vision at the time.

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This institute and NASA and its contractors
figured out a way to put together a prescription

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for correcting that spherical aberration.

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MUSGRAVE: After those two failures, the big
boss came over and looked at me and said,

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"Story, fix it."

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Okay, I'll fix it.

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UNIDENTIFIED: Two, one.

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00:17:12,600 --> 00:17:16,990
And we have liftoff, liftoff of the Space
Shuttle Endeavor on an ambitious mission to

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service the Hubble Space Telescope.

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MUSGRAVE: The real magic on the Hubble mission
is almost 40 hours of spacewalking, and we

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had almost no surprises.

284
00:17:25,079 --> 00:17:27,389
We had 13 major systems to fix.

285
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And day after day we just kept working away
getting the system fixed, and they'd tell

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00:17:31,299 --> 00:17:35,970
us this one is up and running and it's fixed.

287
00:17:35,970 --> 00:17:39,830
And we kept on going through five days.

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And finally we finished the job and, hey,
it's totally restored.

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MOUNTAIN: Because astronauts from NASA have
been able to go back and refurbish it, put

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00:17:49,340 --> 00:17:53,429
in new instruments, repair it, and so that
25 years has made it an increasingly more

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00:17:53,429 --> 00:17:54,429
powerful telescope.

292
00:17:54,429 --> 00:17:58,460
And it's the fact the Hubble is so powerful
today which is so remarkable.

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00:17:58,460 --> 00:18:03,309
After 25 years, it's basically 10 to 100 times
more powerful than when it was first launched.

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GRUNSFELD: Crew members, women and men in
white spacesuits rode to the recue like a

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00:18:07,600 --> 00:18:08,880
great Western.

296
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And so, this was a huge deal for me personally
as an astronomer, astrophysicist, and astronaut,

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00:18:14,180 --> 00:18:19,279
to have the privilege of going to Hubble on
my first mission in 1999.

298
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GOOD: Like taking the car in for an oil change,
rotate the tires.

299
00:18:22,480 --> 00:18:24,230
So, we were changing out batteries.

300
00:18:24,230 --> 00:18:29,549
We were changing out the gyros, things that
just made the telescope work.

301
00:18:29,549 --> 00:18:33,909
MUSGRAVE: So, you have a satellite out there,
and you got to maintain its attitude and you

302
00:18:33,909 --> 00:18:38,220
got to maneuver to point very closely.

303
00:18:38,220 --> 00:18:42,179
The only ultimate force that you impose on
the machine is magnets.

304
00:18:42,179 --> 00:18:47,540
Now, as Hubble goes around the Earth, here's
the magnetic field of Earth.

305
00:18:47,540 --> 00:18:54,820
And the magnetometers, which I replaced, those
magnetometers, they sense where the magnetic

306
00:18:54,820 --> 00:18:59,789
field of the Earth is, and the computers say,
"Okay, I'm going to turn these magnets on

307
00:18:59,789 --> 00:19:00,789
or off.

308
00:19:00,789 --> 00:19:02,360
And that's the way I'm going to control Hubble
attitude."

309
00:19:02,360 --> 00:19:05,789
SEMBACH: Remember, up in space, you know,
there isn't anything for Hubble to push against,

310
00:19:05,789 --> 00:19:09,289
so it has to push against something internal
like these spinning wheels.

311
00:19:09,289 --> 00:19:15,910
FOALE: I did a mission to the Hubble Space
Telescope, and it was a--it wasn't really

312
00:19:15,910 --> 00:19:16,970
a refurbishment.

313
00:19:16,970 --> 00:19:25,309
It was a rescue mission, because the Hubble
Telescope uses gyroscopes to determine how

314
00:19:25,309 --> 00:19:30,000
it's moving and how to point, with absolutely
no motion, at a star.

315
00:19:30,000 --> 00:19:32,549
And those gyroscopes, six of them, were failing.

316
00:19:32,549 --> 00:19:37,190
And then, by the time we got there, only one,
I think, was working.

317
00:19:37,190 --> 00:19:44,009
And so, it was a dead telescope at that point,
and our role on that mission was to basically

318
00:19:44,009 --> 00:19:45,769
repair the Hubble Telescope.

319
00:19:45,769 --> 00:19:50,870
It was a real repair mission, just like the
first repair mission to change the optics.

320
00:19:50,870 --> 00:19:54,929
If I had messed that up, I would be the one
that had broken the telescope forever.

321
00:19:54,929 --> 00:19:59,139
MCARTHUR: This amazing telescope with all
this history and, you know, what if I wreck

322
00:19:59,139 --> 00:20:00,139
it?

323
00:20:00,139 --> 00:20:01,139
What if I do something bad?

324
00:20:01,139 --> 00:20:04,070
GRUNSFELD: Then I got the opportunity to go
a second time as the payload commander on

325
00:20:04,070 --> 00:20:05,740
STS-109.

326
00:20:05,740 --> 00:20:10,769
And when we actually were doing the spacewalks
and I went out and shook hands with Mr. Hubble,

327
00:20:10,769 --> 00:20:16,160
the telescope, you know, holding on to the
side, I truly felt like, you know, this was

328
00:20:16,160 --> 00:20:19,250
my partner and that we were here, you know,
to help.

329
00:20:19,250 --> 00:20:22,940
REZAC: I guess that's part of the excitement
of having worked a Hubble mission, because

330
00:20:22,940 --> 00:20:27,710
you know you've got the best team on the ground,
the best crew upstairs.

331
00:20:27,710 --> 00:20:31,059
It's exciting, but there is a level of confidence
you're going to pull through this.

332
00:20:31,059 --> 00:20:32,940
MCARTHUR: It's incredible, the things that
they can come up with.

333
00:20:32,940 --> 00:20:36,659
And they have the time and the resources to
develop that here, and then we take, you know,

334
00:20:36,659 --> 00:20:40,160
sort of the best solution up with us to implement
in space.

335
00:20:40,160 --> 00:20:41,160
There is it.

336
00:20:41,160 --> 00:20:42,429
It looks exactly the way it's supposed to
look.

337
00:20:42,429 --> 00:20:47,712
It's exactly where it's supposed to be and
I'm just going to reach over and grab it.

338
00:20:47,712 --> 00:20:48,712
So, it was a really good feeling.

339
00:20:48,712 --> 00:20:52,919
And what we did after we grappled the telescope
and put it in the payload bay was, every day

340
00:20:52,919 --> 00:20:57,169
that the spacewalks were going on, which was
the five days after we grappled the telescope,

341
00:20:57,169 --> 00:21:00,730
the two guys go outside and one of them is
pretty much always on the end of the arm.

342
00:21:00,730 --> 00:21:01,730
Unidentified: Go on three, bueno.

343
00:21:01,730 --> 00:21:02,730
GOOD: Copy.

344
00:21:02,730 --> 00:21:03,730
Go three.

345
00:21:03,730 --> 00:21:04,730
Unidentified: So, we'd drive them around and
put them into position to do their work.

346
00:21:04,730 --> 00:21:05,730
Unidentified: You are clear to continue and
increase the rate of your--.

347
00:21:05,730 --> 00:21:06,730
UNIDENTIFIED: --Yep.

348
00:21:06,730 --> 00:21:07,730
You can increase the rate, Megan.

349
00:21:07,730 --> 00:21:08,730
MCARTHUR: Copy, picking up the rate.

350
00:21:08,730 --> 00:21:11,030
Unidentified Man: Oh, what a beautiful view.

351
00:21:11,030 --> 00:21:19,710
MCARTHUR: They'd ask me to bring them in closer
or move them by the telescope.

352
00:21:19,710 --> 00:21:23,240
I'd have to ask them, "Hey, you need to check
and verify how much space do I have."

353
00:21:23,240 --> 00:21:26,570
And of course, their mind is on their job,
the instrument that they're holding, the tools,

354
00:21:26,570 --> 00:21:27,570
whatever.

355
00:21:27,570 --> 00:21:30,539
And so, having to work that coordination,
training really helps there.

356
00:21:30,539 --> 00:21:34,370
But, it is--it's delicate in the sense of
you don't want to hurt the hardware, you don't

357
00:21:34,370 --> 00:21:36,330
want to hurt the person, and you certainly
don't want to hurt the telescope.

358
00:21:36,330 --> 00:21:38,600
Unidentified Man: Okay, you can stop there,
Megan.

359
00:21:38,600 --> 00:21:39,740
MCARTHUR: Motion stopped, check.

360
00:21:39,740 --> 00:21:40,870
Unidentified Man: Thank you.

361
00:21:40,870 --> 00:21:45,370
GOOD: It was 19 years old at the time when
we went up there, and the batteries were original

362
00:21:45,370 --> 00:21:46,480
equipment.

363
00:21:46,480 --> 00:21:50,399
And so, they're charging and discharging,
you know, like your--think about your phone,

364
00:21:50,399 --> 00:21:51,399
your cell phone.

365
00:21:51,399 --> 00:21:54,039
You know, you're lucky to get a year or two
out of that battery, right?

366
00:21:54,039 --> 00:21:57,380
So, this is original batteries, so we replaced
the batteries.

367
00:21:57,380 --> 00:21:58,539
Those are still working great.

368
00:21:58,539 --> 00:22:03,870
But, then some of the more interesting parts
were actually replacing some of the science

369
00:22:03,870 --> 00:22:04,870
instruments.

370
00:22:04,870 --> 00:22:09,429
So, we took up a new camera and a new spectrograph
and put those in.

371
00:22:09,429 --> 00:22:12,330
And then, we also fixed some broken instruments
up there.

372
00:22:12,330 --> 00:22:15,210
There was a broken camera and a broken spectrograph.

373
00:22:15,210 --> 00:22:18,850
These are the science instruments so that
when the light comes in the telescope, these

374
00:22:18,850 --> 00:22:23,910
are the things that take the pictures and
do all the science for the--you know, for

375
00:22:23,910 --> 00:22:24,910
the astronomers and everybody back here on
Earth.

376
00:22:24,910 --> 00:22:30,450
JOHNSON: The breaking off of one of the hand
tools that Massimino--Mike Massimino had to

377
00:22:30,450 --> 00:22:31,450
do.

378
00:22:31,450 --> 00:22:32,450
Unidentified Man: Houston, you ready for this?

379
00:22:32,450 --> 00:22:33,450
Unidentified Man: Go.

380
00:22:33,450 --> 00:22:34,450
We're ready.

381
00:22:34,450 --> 00:22:35,450
Unidentified Man: Okay, Mass, you have a go.

382
00:22:35,450 --> 00:22:36,450
MASSIMINO: Here we go.

383
00:22:36,450 --> 00:22:38,410
It's off.

384
00:22:38,410 --> 00:22:41,550
Disposal bag, please?

385
00:22:41,550 --> 00:22:48,860
JOHNSON: It was pretty exciting watching that
from inside, 'cause that had a lot of bearing

386
00:22:48,860 --> 00:22:51,720
on whether we got that part of the mission
accomplished.

387
00:22:51,720 --> 00:22:52,970
So, it was pretty interesting.

388
00:22:52,970 --> 00:22:54,860
GRUNSFELD: A third time I got to go back.

389
00:22:54,860 --> 00:23:01,110
And, you know, I just can't tell you how thrilled
I was and how thrilled I was that we had a

390
00:23:01,110 --> 00:23:05,350
great team and we were able to leave the Hubble
in even better shape, such that now we're

391
00:23:05,350 --> 00:23:08,370
able to celebrate the 25th anniversary.

392
00:23:08,370 --> 00:23:12,769
I was a little bit worried that when we deployed
the Hubble, you know, I'd feel really sad

393
00:23:12,769 --> 00:23:14,759
again, but this time I didn't.

394
00:23:14,759 --> 00:23:18,389
I just felt thrilled that we hadn't broken
the Hubble, that we'd upgraded it, that it

395
00:23:18,389 --> 00:23:22,690
was in the best shape of its life, and that
we'd done our job and a little bit more to

396
00:23:22,690 --> 00:23:28,120
give Hubble a very long life, bringing back
all of its rewards to us here on planet Earth

397
00:23:28,120 --> 00:23:29,470
in terms of great discoveries.

398
00:23:29,470 --> 00:23:35,330
STRAUGHN: The fact that astronauts were able
to go up and fix Hubble was really a groundbreaking

399
00:23:35,330 --> 00:23:36,330
thing.

400
00:23:36,330 --> 00:23:41,580
And it tells a really critical part of NASA's
history, when science and human space exploration

401
00:23:41,580 --> 00:23:44,120
worked together really critically for the
first time.

402
00:23:44,120 --> 00:23:50,930
SEMBACH: Without the repair missions, you
wouldn't have Hubble lasting 25 years.

403
00:23:50,930 --> 00:23:53,510
Hubble's best days are still to come.

404
00:23:53,510 --> 00:23:57,279
NARRATOR: Astronauts and support staff on
the ground had made tremendous improvements

405
00:23:57,279 --> 00:24:00,480
to Hubble's already majestic payload.

406
00:24:00,480 --> 00:24:05,940
With the repairs completed, Hubble blew the
world away with what it saw and what we now

407
00:24:05,940 --> 00:24:13,740
could behold: sharp, clean, and crisp data,
images of stars forming, and Ultra Deep Field

408
00:24:13,740 --> 00:24:19,529
images of thousands of galaxies showing just
a glimpse at how big this universe is.

409
00:24:19,529 --> 00:24:22,049
MASSIMINO: I do have a favorite Hubble image.

410
00:24:22,049 --> 00:24:27,429
I have a couple of them, but the one that
pops into my mind is the Cone Nebula.

411
00:24:27,429 --> 00:24:32,080
And it is an early release image, and the
reason I like that is because it showed that

412
00:24:32,080 --> 00:24:35,200
we installed the advanced camera for surveys
correctly.

413
00:24:35,200 --> 00:24:41,210
JOHNSON: Hubble has brought just knowledge
of the universe that I think is beyond belief

414
00:24:41,210 --> 00:24:42,899
to the normal person.

415
00:24:42,899 --> 00:24:48,690
And some of the discoveries of the Hubble
Space Telescope in terms of the universe expanding

416
00:24:48,690 --> 00:24:50,409
are just mindboggling.

417
00:24:50,409 --> 00:24:56,509
FLANAGAN: Every time I look at it, I stare
and I stare and I want to see what's in that

418
00:24:56,509 --> 00:24:58,860
finger, you know, what's in that pillar?

419
00:24:58,860 --> 00:25:03,779
And interestingly, if you look at it in the
infrared, you can actually see into it.

420
00:25:03,779 --> 00:25:06,809
STRAUGHN: The Hubble Ultra Deep Field was
released in 2004 when I was in grad school.

421
00:25:06,809 --> 00:25:12,559
And to this day, I really remember the day
when that image came out.

422
00:25:12,559 --> 00:25:18,399
My grad advisor printed this image, this beautiful
image with galaxies that we'd never seen before

423
00:25:18,399 --> 00:25:22,529
on a huge sheet of paper and rolled it out
on the table for us grad students to look

424
00:25:22,529 --> 00:25:24,879
at, and just said, you know, "Look at this
image.

425
00:25:24,879 --> 00:25:25,970
Look what's here.

426
00:25:25,970 --> 00:25:28,179
What can we learn from this?"

427
00:25:28,179 --> 00:25:33,360
And so, I really loved that visual, sort of
tangible representation of look at this beautiful

428
00:25:33,360 --> 00:25:34,870
thing and what can we learn.

429
00:25:34,870 --> 00:25:40,130
NARRATOR: Circling the globe at five miles
per second, this school bus sized observatory

430
00:25:40,130 --> 00:25:45,760
was the most technologically advanced device
ever launched, and has stayed amazingly advanced

431
00:25:45,760 --> 00:25:50,870
through five repair and upgrade missions,
from the first mission critical optics repair

432
00:25:50,870 --> 00:25:58,289
on Space Shuttle mission STS-61 to the last
servicing mission, STS-125, which added the

433
00:25:58,289 --> 00:26:04,129
wide field camera three and replaced or improved
sensors, batteries, and numerous other components.

434
00:26:04,129 --> 00:26:07,610
BOLDEN: The Hubble was an incredible undertaking.

435
00:26:07,610 --> 00:26:13,909
If I look at the very last Hubble servicing
mission, STS-125, it was perhaps the most

436
00:26:13,909 --> 00:26:18,659
ambitious single mission that this agency
has ever undertaken.

437
00:26:18,659 --> 00:26:24,309
It was five spacewalks back to back to back
to back to back.

438
00:26:24,309 --> 00:26:28,950
That's no break in between the spacewalks
like we normally will do.

439
00:26:28,950 --> 00:26:34,570
The magnitude of the things that they wanted
to accomplish almost meant certain failure

440
00:26:34,570 --> 00:26:35,570
somewhere.

441
00:26:35,570 --> 00:26:39,370
But, the crew said--the crew and the whole
team, the team that put the mission together

442
00:26:39,370 --> 00:26:41,019
said, "Look, we can do this.

443
00:26:41,019 --> 00:26:45,779
You know, we will have accomplished so much
more in making Hubble better than it is ever

444
00:26:45,779 --> 00:26:46,999
believed to be."

445
00:26:46,999 --> 00:26:53,929
So, Hubble gave us an excellent example of
people, a team, that was not afraid of failure.

446
00:26:53,929 --> 00:26:55,889
SCOLESE: Failure was not an option.

447
00:26:55,889 --> 00:26:57,590
We were going to succeed.

448
00:26:57,590 --> 00:27:01,509
GRUNSFELD: What's really exciting to me is
just the breadth of the scientific discoveries

449
00:27:01,509 --> 00:27:06,240
it's been able to make, everything from the
age of the universe to proving the existence

450
00:27:06,240 --> 00:27:12,330
of black holes to discovering brand new things
like the universe is accelerating due to mysterious

451
00:27:12,330 --> 00:27:13,330
dark energy.

452
00:27:13,330 --> 00:27:17,260
TYSON: I grew up, telescopes put into orbit
wouldn't last more than three, at most five

453
00:27:17,260 --> 00:27:18,260
years.

454
00:27:18,260 --> 00:27:25,480
So, they never had a chance to grow on you,
to become part of your soul of expectation

455
00:27:25,480 --> 00:27:28,110
for the next astronomical discovery.

456
00:27:28,110 --> 00:27:35,090
With Hubble, the fact--I think the fact that
it was repairable meant it could just stay

457
00:27:35,090 --> 00:27:39,410
with you for decades, now 25 years.

458
00:27:39,410 --> 00:27:41,600
GARCIA: Everybody knows Hubble.

459
00:27:41,600 --> 00:27:43,179
It's really true.

460
00:27:43,179 --> 00:27:48,669
Worldwide, all throughout the US, everybody,
all ages, all walks of life, you say Hubble

461
00:27:48,669 --> 00:27:52,070
Space Telescope, people know what you're talking
about.

462
00:27:52,070 --> 00:27:53,070
That's extraordinary.

463
00:27:53,070 --> 00:27:58,350
NARRATOR: More than a simple telescope, Hubble
is humanity's grand observatory of the vastness

464
00:27:58,350 --> 00:27:59,870
of space.

465
00:27:59,870 --> 00:28:03,960
And we've kept exploring by staring into the
universe and moving forward.

466
00:28:03,960 --> 00:28:07,789
STRAUGHN: The great thing about Hubble now,
this year, is that it's still going strong.

467
00:28:07,789 --> 00:28:11,919
And we expect it to last out 'til 2020, maybe
even longer.

468
00:28:11,919 --> 00:28:14,519
But, we definitely have to start thinking
about the future.

469
00:28:14,519 --> 00:28:19,230
And NASA right now is building and putting
together and testing the James Webb Space

470
00:28:19,230 --> 00:28:20,230
Telescope.

471
00:28:20,230 --> 00:28:24,090
MASSIMINO: That's going to be put even further
away from the Earth than Hubble, and be able

472
00:28:24,090 --> 00:28:29,370
to see much further into the universe and
provide even more information and even better

473
00:28:29,370 --> 00:28:30,370
images.

474
00:28:30,370 --> 00:28:32,980
I think that's going to be very exciting when
we get that into space.

475
00:28:32,980 --> 00:28:38,230
NARRATOR:: The team here at NASA will continue
that momentum with the next great observatory

476
00:28:38,230 --> 00:28:44,779
coming soon to the NASA inventory, the James
Webb Space Telescope, with a primary mirror

477
00:28:44,779 --> 00:28:48,840
six times larger than Hubble's and over a
hundred times more powerful.

478
00:28:48,840 --> 00:28:52,350
GRUNSFELD: There are places that the Hubble
just can't see.

479
00:28:52,350 --> 00:28:58,179
The Hubble Space Telescope can't see inside
the dark cocoons of dust and gas where baby

480
00:28:58,179 --> 00:29:01,659
stars are born and planets form.

481
00:29:01,659 --> 00:29:05,559
The James Webb Space Telescope and the infrared
will be able to peer into those cocoons and

482
00:29:05,559 --> 00:29:09,160
show us the details of those first moments
of star and planet formation.

483
00:29:09,160 --> 00:29:14,070
ALTMAN: The big thing is how exciting space
is for the future.

484
00:29:14,070 --> 00:29:15,580
It's going to be incredible.

485
00:29:15,580 --> 00:29:21,710
We're at the cusp of a new era with new machines
being designed, new missions being flown.

486
00:29:21,710 --> 00:29:27,039
We are going to visit other planets, and I'm--I
just hope that young people can get excited

487
00:29:27,039 --> 00:29:29,009
about taking us that next step.

488
00:29:29,009 --> 00:29:31,169
I can't wait to watch them do it.

489
00:29:31,169 --> 00:29:32,179
It's a great time.

490
00:29:32,179 --> 00:29:37,710
JOHNSON: Growth in space; for kids that are
involved in science and technology, I think

491
00:29:37,710 --> 00:29:42,029
space is a great way to aim your career at.

492
00:29:42,029 --> 00:29:44,230
I think we're going to discover new things.

493
00:29:44,230 --> 00:29:49,010
I'm really excited that NASA's got a number
of programs going, including the James Webb

494
00:29:49,010 --> 00:29:53,179
Telescope, which'll bring the same kind of
discoveries Hubble has.

495
00:29:53,179 --> 00:29:55,080
So, the future's pretty bright.

496
00:29:55,080 --> 00:30:00,169
NARRATOR: Today Hubble is still making new
discoveries, seeing distant stars and galaxies

497
00:30:00,169 --> 00:30:05,590
that have never been seen before, improving
our knowledge of the early universe, and clarifying

498
00:30:05,590 --> 00:30:07,409
images of our closest neighbors.

499
00:30:07,409 --> 00:30:08,830
CEPOLLINA: Look at the Washington Post.

500
00:30:08,830 --> 00:30:14,009
On the front page of the Washington Post there
is a colored picture of a brand new galaxy

501
00:30:14,009 --> 00:30:15,730
just discovered by Hubble.

502
00:30:15,730 --> 00:30:22,010
And to be able to look at that picture and
say, "My gosh, we did that," that's exciting.

503
00:30:22,010 --> 00:30:23,010
That's exciting.

504
00:30:23,010 --> 00:30:33,190
TYSON: Hubble has consistently taken us to
places we've never been visually, of course,

505
00:30:33,190 --> 00:30:38,990
and given--and empowered us to answer questions
that, in a previous generation of telescopes,

506
00:30:38,990 --> 00:30:40,940
we couldn't even pose.

507
00:30:40,940 --> 00:30:47,000
NARRATOR:: From comets and asteroids to some
of the most distant galaxies yet discovered,

508
00:30:47,000 --> 00:30:52,059
Hubble continues to revolutionize astronomy
in our solar system and beyond.

509
00:30:52,059 --> 00:30:56,090
Hubble has changed the way we view our universe
and ourselves.

510
00:30:56,090 --> 00:30:59,941
STRAUGHN: There is no doubt that the Hubble
Space Telescope has changed the way that we

511
00:30:59,941 --> 00:31:02,169
as astronomers understand the universe.

512
00:31:02,169 --> 00:31:06,909
But, I think even more significantly than
that, Hubble's changed the way that the world

513
00:31:06,909 --> 00:31:07,909
views space.

514
00:31:07,909 --> 00:31:11,549
WEILER: You know, when you look back on the
last 25 years of Hubble, it's just incredible

515
00:31:11,549 --> 00:31:19,389
because we have made major breakthroughs in
almost every field of astrophysics, from planetary

516
00:31:19,389 --> 00:31:24,690
nearby to our own galaxy to the very, very
beginning of time.

517
00:31:24,690 --> 00:31:32,279
And to think that we mere humans are sitting
here and getting close to understanding this

518
00:31:32,279 --> 00:31:37,679
incredible universe that's around us, and
Hubble has been a key component in that over

519
00:31:37,679 --> 00:31:38,740
the last 25 years.

520
00:31:38,740 --> 00:31:40,419
NARRATOR: We're on a never-ending journey.

521
00:31:40,419 --> 00:31:45,779
And the Hubble Space Telescope celebrates
its quarter century of exploration as part